Pfew… My only explanation for this is an AMD driver bug, since this has been working anywhere else for years (including the (pretty bad) Mesa software implementation of OpenGL on the CI).
Not sure how to debug this, without access to that GPU… Maybe you can try to update the drivers?
Ok, I tried this on the Ubuntu live CD with the same Julia and Makie versions and it worked fine… I guess it probably is a driver issue then. Thanks @sdanisch.