# Simple noob question: I don't understand how squared equations work

#1

How is it that -3 * -3 = 9, but -3^2 = -9? I can understand -(3^2) equaling -9, but according to Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, exponents come before multiplication (in reference to -3^2 = -9). Side note: (-3)^2 does = 9.

Sincerely,
puzzled noob

#2

See the table here:

https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/mathematical-operations/#Operator-Precedence-and-Associativity-1

Julia’s got quite a few more operations than just the six enumerated in PEMDAS. Specifically, unary minus is itself an operation that fits between “excuse my”.

#3

Thank you mbauman. I’m not sure why the developers chose to implement Julia this way, but the output makes sense now. [Disclaimer: I know extremely little about development]

#4

I was wondering GreyMoth, how would you intrepret each of the three mathematical expression below?

A: “5-3^2”

B: “0-3^2”

C: “-3^2”

Because B and C are exactly the same mathematically.

#5

Julia matches the way mathematicians write expressions. It makes the rules a little subtler, but when someone writes `-3^2` on paper (or in LaTeX) they do not mean `(-3)^2`, they mean `-(3^2)`. Also, this shouldn’t be all that surprising since subtraction—or negation, technically I’m this case—has lower precedence than exponentiation. I guess you are interpreting `-3` as a negative literal rather than interpreting the `-` as a minus operator. The later is the interpretation that matches mathematical notation and the one which Julia uses.

#6

Frankly, it should not matter. Most people rely on maybe the 2–3 most obvious precedence order pairs (eg things like `+` vs `*`), which are more or less the same in every language.

The rest should never be relied on, especially for people who use more than 1 language, because it can result in very subtle bugs that can only be caught by painstakingly looking up the exact rules. When in doubt, use `()`s. Always be in doubt.

#7

The Wikipedia page on order of operations explicitly calls out this exact example:

There are differing conventions concerning the unary operator `−` (usually read “minus”). In written or printed mathematics, the expression `−3^2` is interpreted to mean `0 − (3^2) = − 9`.

So what we’re doing here is not exactly controversial.

Basically, there are two possible reasonable interpretations of `-3^2`:

1. `^` applied to the `-3` and `2`, or
2. `-` applied to `^` applied to `3` and `2`.

Julia chooses the interpretation that matches standard mathematical convention. Moreover, if we used the first (non-standard) interpretation, then `-3^2` would produce a different result than `x = 3; -x^2` since `-x` is not a literal so only the second interpretation is possible. The two expressions would parse differently and the former would produce `9` while the latter would produce `-9`, which certainly seems like a bad situation.