They are not quite the same. For example, with list comprehension you can additionally filter elements:
[x for x in 1:10 if x % 2 == 0]
But map may be shorter and more convenient, e.g.:
[f(input) for input in inputs]
map(f, inputs)
In addition, map (mostly) preserves type of a collection, while list comprehencion doesn’t. Compare:
map(x -> x + 1, Set([1, 2, 3]))
[x + 1 for x in Set([1, 2, 3])]