How the compiler decides which allocation is eliminated?

Internals & Design
4

The only other error Jeff and I can think of that isn’t modeled is StackOverflow. (The reasoning is that ~any code theoretically can throw those, and they don’t exist within the Turing machine model of a machine).

For your followup, see make `memorynew` intrinsic by oscardssmith · Pull Request #55913 · JuliaLang/julia · GitHub which does make foo4 removable (but isn’t quite able to remove foo5)

function foo5()
    v = Vector{Int}(undef, 2^50)
    v[1] = 5
    v[1]
end
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