It might be possible to write a julia → nim / chapel transpiler, which then could compile to C/C++, and then you would give it to the arduino IDE to compile for the MCU. Errors would be a bit of a headache though, and the 8-bit environment is usually very constrained, ie 2K ram and 16/32K of program storage is probably at the higher end
It seems avr32 may be able to run older linux kernels, but a raspberry pi zero would probably be cheaper and far better supported (at 10$ delivered here i may even get myself one from santa… )