There are two questions here: (1) how to get minted working with Unicode characters, and (2) how to get VS Code configured to run the correct compilation commands. You probably want to compile your document directly from the command line at first, because that will help you determine whether it’s a TeX issue or an issue with the VS Code extension.
In case it’s helpful, here’s a working example with your code. Note in particular the latexmkrc file, which specifies that xelatex should be used with the shell escape option.
Follow-up: it looks to me like the only thing missing from your VS Code build recipe is the shell-escape option. Try adding "-shell-escape" to the list of args.