Why isn't this Base piracy breaking a Base method call?

You need to call something that ends up calling the pirated method, for example:

julia> @eval Base mapreduce_first(::typeof(identity), ::typeof(max), ::Int) = throw(ErrorException("piracy!"))
mapreduce_first (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> maximum([1])
ERROR: piracy!
Stacktrace:
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