What is the difference between map(f, v) and [f(x) for x in v]?

The second statement produces a vector of functions, not the values of the function x->parse(Int, x) applied to the elements of s!

julia> [x->parse(Int, x) for x in s]
10000-element Vector{var"#57#59"}:
 #57 (generic function with 1 method)
 #57 (generic function with 1 method)
 #57 (generic function with 1 method)
[...]

Compare

julia> @btime [parse(Int, x) for x in $s]
  329.400 μs (3 allocations: 78.19 KiB)

julia> @btime map(x->parse(Int, x), $s);
  321.900 μs (2 allocations: 78.17 KiB)