# Understanding how HTTP works

**URL:** <https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980>\
**Category:** General Usage\
**Created:** [August 15, 2020, 9:08am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980 "2020-08-15T09:08:51Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 13\
**Page:** 1

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 9:08am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/1 "2020-08-15T09:08:51Z")

</div>

I’m trying to learn programming in Julia. i’m using this package HTTP.jl  
can anybody explain why this first request won’t work for me, however the second one straight out of the documentation for HTTP.jl works?

 ![request1](https://global.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/original/3X/8/b/8b59038f830d96f72621c9b20aa0f08b58558eec.png)

This is the second request below: (I couldn’t post a second screen shot because i’m new to discourse)  
julia\> HTTP.request(“GET”, “[http://httpbin.org/ip](http://httpbin.org/ip)”)

I’m not sure if it is because I don’t understand how GET works, or if it’s some other reason.

Thanks

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![oheil](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/oheil/32/220745_2.png) [@oheil](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/oheil)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 9:50am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/2 "2020-08-15T09:50:17Z")

</div>

Welcome @Bucephalus !

It seems that your Internet is broken 😉  
Or in other words: the error message implies that you can’t connect to the URLs you are using. Maybe you are behind a proxy?

Another thing:  
Don’t post screenshots, they are difficult to spot and read.  
Just do like I do here:

```julia
julia> using HTTP

julia> HTTP.request("GET", "http://httpbin.org/ip")
HTTP.Messages.Response:
"""
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 09:43:28 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 33
Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true

{
  "origin": "176.199.208.97"
}
"""

```

Copy&Paste into discourse makes it easy for us to copy&paste from discourse.  
See [Please read: make it easier to help you](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/psa-make-it-easier-to-help-you/14757) for more infos.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 10:58am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/3 "2020-08-15T10:58:16Z")

</div>

Thanks @oheil

I will remember the screenshot thing for next time. You might be right about that proxy thing, i’m just working from my home computer. I’m suspecting this code would work alright from an amazon instance, etc. I will keep going through this book.  
thanks for your help.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![oheil](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/oheil/32/220745_2.png) [@oheil](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/oheil)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 11:09am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/4 "2020-08-15T11:09:49Z")

</div>

There is some old discussion about HTTP.jl and proxy:

> [@Facing issue in HTTP.jl Proxy support](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/facing-issue-in-http-jl-proxy-support/30995):
>
> First of all, I would like to thank everyone who helped me to overcome the obstacles I faced in learning this beautiful and powerful programming language. slight_smile This time, the issue is regarding proxy in HTTP.get in HTTP.jl. r=HTTP.get("https://github.com/JuliaWeb", proxy="http://168.219.61.252:8080"); ERROR: HTTP.ExceptionRequest.StatusError(400, “CONNECT”, “[github.com](http://github.com):”, HTTP.Messages.Response: “”" HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request Cache-Control: no-cache Pragma: no-cache Content-Typ…

Not sure if this still fits.  
I think the general way to solve this is using the environment variables:  
`http_proxy` , `https_proxy`

There is also a closed issue which shows some information on how to do it with linux/bash:

> <https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/30635>
>
> \- Original discussion: https://discourse.julialang.org/t/cannot-add-packages-may…be-due-to-corporate-firewall/19352.
> \- Asked to file a new issue from the related issue: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/20948#issuecomment-452073028.
> 
> I am working behind a corporate firewall. The proxy settings to bypass the firewall are correct, but Julia package manager does not recognize the proxy settings.
> 
> I have the proxy settings in \`~/.bashrc\`, which read
> \`\`\`bash
> export http\_proxy=\<proxyhost\>:\<port\>
> export https\_proxy=\<proxyhost\>:\<port\>
> \`\`\`
> where \`\<proxyhost\>\` and \`\<port\>\` are replaced with the proxy host address and port number. This allows me to \`git clone\` a Julia package in BASH:
> \`\`\`bash
> $ git clone https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl
> Cloning into 'BenchmarkTools.jl'...
> remote: Enumerating objects: 1230, done.
> remote: Total 1230 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 1230
> Receiving objects: 100% (1230/1230), 310.90 KiB | 1.16 MiB/s, done.
> Resolving deltas: 100% (815/815), done.
> \`\`\`
> 
> However, in REPL the Julia package manager can neither read the package registry nor clone the package:
> \`\`\`julia
> julia\> VERSION
> v"1.2.0-DEV.93"
> 
> (v1.2) pkg\> add BenchmarkTools
> Cloning default registries into \`~/.julia\`
> Cloning registry from "https://github.com/JuliaRegistries/General.git"
> ERROR: failed to clone from https://github.com/JuliaRegistries/General.git, error: GitError(Code:ERROR, Class:OS, failed to connect to github.com: Operation timed out)
> 
> (v1.2) pkg\> add https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl.git
> Cloning git-repo \`https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl.git\`
> ERROR: failed to clone from https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl.git, error: GitError(Code:ERROR, Class:OS, failed to connect to github.com: Operation timed out)
> \`\`\`
> 
> If I remove the proxy settings from \`~/.bashrc\`, I get a similar error message from \`git clone\` in BASH as well:
> \`\`\`bash
> $ git clone https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl
> Cloning into 'BenchmarkTools.jl'...
> fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/JuliaCI/BenchmarkTools.jl/': Failed to connect to github.com port 443: Operation timed out
> \`\`\`
> which suggests that the above error message is generated because Julia does not recognize the proxy settings.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 1:55pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/5 "2020-08-15T13:55:27Z")

</div>

Thanks, I will investigate more. I can ping [google.com](http://google.com) from my windows computer but not from my ubuntu computer. I want to try to understand that first.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![StefanKarpinski](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/stefankarpinski/32/24_2.png) [@StefanKarpinski](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/StefanKarpinski)\
**Post date:** [August 15, 2020, 2:10pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/6 "2020-08-15T14:10:01Z")

</div>

Your Linux machine might have DNS configuration issues.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 6:32am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/7 "2020-08-16T06:32:59Z")

</div>

I have a feeling it’s because my ISP doesn’t provide IPv6, or related to IPv6. ping -4 works for both computers, but ping -6 does not work for either. Thanks Oheil and Stefan.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![oheil](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/oheil/32/220745_2.png) [@oheil](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/oheil)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 8:56am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/8 "2020-08-16T08:56:17Z")

</div>

HTTP is IP version agnostic.  
For me it is not clear, if you are trying on Windows, Linux or from some AWS instance.  
You may try from a Windows CMD:

```julia
curl --get http://httpbin.org/ip

```

and see what happens:

```julia
{
  "origin": "176.199.208.97"
}

```

Or from powershell:

```julia
PS C:\> Invoke-WebRequest -Uri http://httpbin.org/ip                                                           

StatusCode : 200
StatusDescription : OK
Content : {
                      "origin": "176.199.208.97"
                    }

RawContent : HTTP/1.1 200 OK
                    Connection: keep-alive
                    Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
                    Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
                    Content-Length: 33
                    Content-Type: application/json
                    Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 08:55:20 GMT...
Forms : {}
Headers : {[Connection, keep-alive], [Access-Control-Allow-Origin, *], [Access-Control-Allow-Credentials,
                    true], [Content-Length, 33]...}
Images : {}
InputFields : {}
Links : {}
ParsedHtml : System.__ComObject
RawContentLength : 33

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 1:11pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/9 "2020-08-16T13:11:11Z")

</div>

Hi oheil

I’m using an Ubuntu machine, I was just cross-checking behaviour on the windows machine. So when i ping -6 my ISP’s DNS server it fails with feedback to the effect of “This address family not supported…” So I’m pretty sure, at least in my area, at this time, that my ISP is not supporting ipv6. I got some help over at ask ubuntu, and I got some assistance on configuring my Ubuntu machine to using ipv4 by default. Now HTTP.jl works.

I really do not understand how a web browser (http) doesn’t have this problem, but when I use these HTTP commands in terminal I have this problem until I configure Ubuntu to use ipv4 by default. If someone can explain this, that would be good…

For future reference if anybody has similar problem, I had to go to `/etc/gai.conf` and put this down the bottom of the file:

`precedence ::ffff:0:0/96 100`

Please reference original advice [here](https://askubuntu.com/questions/1267409/destination-unreachable-address-unreachable-upon-ping-of-outside-hosts/1267488#1267488)

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![oheil](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/oheil/32/220745_2.png) [@oheil](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/oheil)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 1:36pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/10 "2020-08-16T13:36:50Z")

</div>

It seems that this is an issue.  
HTTP.jl is using stdlib Sockets.jl  
[https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Sockets/](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Sockets/)  
where we have  
[https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Sockets/#Sockets.getalladdrinfo](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Sockets/#Sockets.getalladdrinfo)

> Gets all of the IP addresses of the `host` . Uses the operating system’s underlying `getaddrinfo` implementation, which may do a DNS lookup.

```julia
julia> getalladdrinfo("google.com")
2-element Array{IPAddr,1}:
 ip"172.217.6.174"
 ip"2607:f8b0:4000:804::200e"

```

which is used in HTTP.jl:  
[https://github.com/JuliaWeb/HTTP.jl/blob/master/src/ConnectionPool.jl#L616](https://github.com/JuliaWeb/HTTP.jl/blob/master/src/ConnectionPool.jl#L616)  
as

```julia
Sockets.getalladdrinfo(host)[1]

```

So if operating system’s underlying `getaddrinfo` returns IP4 and IP6 adresses, the implementation on HTTP.jl uses the IP4 adress, which than may fail, if only IP6 is allowed.

Not sure if this is analysis is right, I can’t check so easily.  
But you may open an issue at

> **[Issues · JuliaWeb/HTTP.jl](https://github.com/JuliaWeb/HTTP.jl/issues)**
>
> HTTP for Julia. Contribute to JuliaWeb/HTTP.jl development by creating an account on GitHub.

describing your case and refering to this discussion.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![oheil](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/oheil/32/220745_2.png) [@oheil](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/oheil)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 1:44pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/11 "2020-08-16T13:44:46Z")

</div>

To be clear: a can’t check if this is just a misconfiguration of the client or if not, something unusual of the client which has been overseen in HTTP.jl

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 16, 2020, 2:33pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/12 "2020-08-16T14:33:21Z")

</div>

Well this is awkward - so I deleted that line from the gai.conf file to replicate the behaviour to open an issue at the HTTP github page.  
The ping (defaulting to ip -6) and the explicit ping -6 issue came back as expected. However when I went into REPL and did another HTTP.request , the original issue at the top of this post, i could not replicate and it worked. So now it works, even with the gai.conf file back to its original state.  
Finally, i turned off my machine and restarted it again and again tried the HTTP.request from REPL and it still worked.  
So now that I cannot replicate the behaviour I will not bother opening an issue and see what happens as I progress.  
Thanks for your help oheil and Stefan

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Bucephalus](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/e495f1/32.png) [@Bucephalus](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/Bucephalus)\
**Post date:** [August 17, 2020, 2:11pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/understanding-how-http-works/44980/13 "2020-08-17T14:11:42Z")

</div>

@oheil

I’m actually getting confusing results and testing still. I’m not at the stage that I want to raise an issue yet because I’m not sure if it’s my computer or the package. I’m suspecting it’s my computer now because i’m getting the following results: (i changed the gai.conf file back to original state and rebooted before I did these tests.)

```julia
david@Ptolemy:~$ ping www.google.com
PING www.google.com(syd09s23-in-x04.1e100.net (2404:6800:4006:80f::2004)) 56 data bytes
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=2 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=3 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=4 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=5 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=6 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
^X^C
--- www.google.com ping statistics ---
8 packets transmitted, 0 received, +6 errors, 100% packet loss, time 7090ms

david@Ptolemy:~$ ping www.amazon.com
PING d3ag4hukkh62yn.cloudfront.net (13.224.176.180) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from server-13-224-176-180.syd1.r.cloudfront.net (13.224.176.180): icmp_seq=1 ttl=244 time=22.1 ms
64 bytes from server-13-224-176-180.syd1.r.cloudfront.net (13.224.176.180): icmp_seq=2 ttl=244 time=21.9 ms
64 bytes from server-13-224-176-180.syd1.r.cloudfront.net (13.224.176.180): icmp_seq=3 ttl=244 time=21.8 ms
^X64 bytes from server-13-224-176-180.syd1.r.cloudfront.net (13.224.176.180): icmp_seq=4 ttl=244 time=21.7 ms
^C
--- d3ag4hukkh62yn.cloudfront.net ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 21.661/21.860/22.090/0.160 ms
david@Ptolemy:~$ ping -6 www.google.com
PING www.google.com(syd09s23-in-x04.1e100.net (2404:6800:4006:80f::2004)) 56 data bytes
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=2 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
From 2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050 (2001:8003:7405:1200:faab:5ff:feca:8050) icmp_seq=3 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable
^C
--- www.google.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 0 received, +3 errors, 100% packet loss, time 3026ms

david@Ptolemy:~$ ping -6 www.amazon.com
ping: www.amazon.com: Name or service not known
david@Ptolemy:~$ ping -4 www.google.com
PING www.google.com (142.250.66.196) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=1 ttl=115 time=22.3 ms
64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=2 ttl=115 time=27.1 ms
64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=3 ttl=115 time=22.3 ms
64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=4 ttl=115 time=22.3 ms
64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=5 ttl=115 time=21.9 ms
^X64 bytes from syd09s23-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.66.196): icmp_seq=6 ttl=115 time=22.2 ms
^C
--- www.google.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5007ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 21.931/23.008/27.081/1.825 ms
david@Ptolemy:~$ ping -4 www.amazon.com
PING e15316.e22.akamaiedge.net (23.217.176.20) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from a23-217-176-20.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.217.176.20): icmp_seq=1 ttl=60 time=9.58 ms
64 bytes from a23-217-176-20.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.217.176.20): icmp_seq=2 ttl=60 time=9.31 ms
64 bytes from a23-217-176-20.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.217.176.20): icmp_seq=3 ttl=60 time=9.36 ms
^C
--- e15316.e22.akamaiedge.net ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 9.305/9.414/9.578/0.117 ms

```

If you see that, then see below how HTTP.request for google does not work, but HTTP.request for amazon does work. For this reason I feel my computer is causing the issue - check below:

```julia
julia> r = HTTP.request("GET", "https://www.google.com/")
ERROR: IOError(Base.IOError("connect: host is unreachable (EHOSTUNREACH)", -113) during request(https://www.google.com/))

Stacktrace:
 [1] wait_connected(::Sockets.TCPSocket) at /buildworker/worker/package_linux64/build/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.5/Sockets/src/Sockets.jl:525
 [2] connect at /buildworker/worker/package_linux64/build/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.5/Sockets/src/Sockets.jl:560 [inlined]
 [3] connect(::Sockets.IPv6, ::UInt64) at /buildworker/worker/package_linux64/build/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.5/Sockets/src/Sockets.jl:546
 [4] getconnection(::Type{Sockets.TCPSocket}, ::SubString{String}, ::String; keepalive::Bool, connect_timeout::Int64, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:require_ssl_verification, :iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Bool,Nothing,Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ConnectionPool.jl:616
 [5] #getconnection#29 at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ConnectionPool.jl:668 [inlined]
 [6] newconnection(::HTTP.ConnectionPool.Pod, ::Type{T} where T, ::SubString{String}, ::SubString{String}, ::Int64, ::Bool, ::Int64; kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Nothing,Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ConnectionPool.jl:583
 [7] getconnection(::Type{HTTP.ConnectionPool.Transaction{MbedTLS.SSLContext}}, ::SubString{String}, ::SubString{String}; connection_limit::Int64, pipeline_limit::Int64, idle_timeout::Int64, reuse_limit::Int64, require_ssl_verification::Bool, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Nothing,Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ConnectionPool.jl:527
 [8] request(::Type{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::HTTP.Messages.Request, ::Array{UInt8,1}; proxy::Nothing, socket_type::Type{T} where T, reuse_limit::Int64, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Nothing,Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ConnectionRequest.jl:73
 [9] request(::Type{ExceptionLayer{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}}, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::Vararg{Any,N} where N; kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Nothing,Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/ExceptionRequest.jl:19
 [10] (::Base.var"#56#58"{Base.var"#56#57#59"{ExponentialBackOff,HTTP.RetryRequest.var"#2#3"{Bool,HTTP.Messages.Request},typeof(HTTP.request)}})(::Type{T} where T, ::Vararg{Any,N} where N; kwargs::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Union{Nothing, Bool},Tuple{Symbol,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:iofunction, :reached_redirect_limit),Tuple{Nothing,Bool}}}) at ./error.jl:301
 [11] #request#1 at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/RetryRequest.jl:44 [inlined]
 [12] request(::Type{MessageLayer{RetryLayer{ExceptionLayer{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}}}}, ::String, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, ::Array{UInt8,1}; http_version::VersionNumber, target::String, parent::Nothing, iofunction::Nothing, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Bool,Tuple{Symbol},NamedTuple{(:reached_redirect_limit,),Tuple{Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/MessageRequest.jl:51
 [13] request(::Type{BasicAuthLayer{MessageLayer{RetryLayer{ExceptionLayer{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}}}}}, ::String, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, ::Array{UInt8,1}; kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Bool,Tuple{Symbol},NamedTuple{(:reached_redirect_limit,),Tuple{Bool}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/BasicAuthRequest.jl:28
 [14] request(::Type{RedirectLayer{BasicAuthLayer{MessageLayer{RetryLayer{ExceptionLayer{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}}}}}}, ::String, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, ::Array{UInt8,1}; redirect_limit::Int64, forwardheaders::Bool, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Union{},Union{},Tuple{},NamedTuple{(),Tuple{}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/RedirectRequest.jl:24
 [15] request(::Type{RedirectLayer{BasicAuthLayer{MessageLayer{RetryLayer{ExceptionLayer{ConnectionPoolLayer{StreamLayer{Union{}}}}}}}}}, ::String, ::HTTP.URIs.URI, ::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, ::Array{UInt8,1}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/RedirectRequest.jl:21
 [16] request(::String, ::String, ::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, ::Array{UInt8,1}; headers::Array{Pair{SubString{String},SubString{String}},1}, body::Array{UInt8,1}, query::Nothing, kw::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Union{},Union{},Tuple{},NamedTuple{(),Tuple{}}}) at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/HTTP.jl:314
 [17] request at /home/david/.julia/packages/HTTP/atT5q/src/HTTP.jl:314 [inlined] (repeats 2 times)
 [18] top-level scope at REPL[8]:1

julia> r = HTTP.request("GET", "https://www.amazon.com/")
HTTP.Messages.Response:
"""
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
Server: Server
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 13:46:47 GMT
x-amz-rid: AFPE4ZKB9HX8C16BE1RT
Set-Cookie: session-id=137-8852803-5109410; Domain=.amazon.com; Expires=Tue, 17-Aug-2021 13:46:47 GMT; Path=/
Set-Cookie: session-id-time=2082787201l; Domain=.amazon.com; Expires=Tue, 17-Aug-2021 13:46:47 GMT; Path=/
Set-Cookie: i18n-prefs=USD; Domain=.amazon.com; Expires=Tue, 17-Aug-2021 13:46:47 GMT; Path=/
Set-Cookie: sp-cdn="L5Z9:AU"; Version=1; Domain=.amazon.com; Max-Age=31536000; Expires=Tue, 17-Aug-2021 13:46:47 GMT; Path=/; Secure; HttpOnly
Set-Cookie: skin=noskin; path=/; domain=.amazon.com
Accept-CH: ect,rtt,downlink
Accept-CH-Lifetime: 86400
X-UA-Compatible: IE=edge
Content-Language: en-US
Cache-Control: no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
Expires: -1
X-XSS-Protection: 1;
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
Vary: Accept-Encoding,User-Agent,Content-Type,Cookie,Referer,Accept-Encoding,X-Amzn-CDN-Cache,X-Amzn-AX-Treatment,User-Agent
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=47474747; includeSubDomains; preload
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
X-Cache: Miss from cloudfront
Via: 1.1 52fa887ba82513d16e3f586c3db681fe.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)
X-Amz-Cf-Pop: SYD1-C2
X-Amz-Cf-Id: 6j1hfOUNdBTCmGOBLPPUOxVRfyuWjw5w1DPal1RUCbD2CessJb21pQ==

<!doctype html><html lang="en-us" class="a-no-js" data-19ax5a9jf="dingo"><!-- sp:feature:head-start -->
<head><script>var aPageStart = (new Date()).getTime();</script><meta charset="utf-8"/>

<script>var ue_t0=ue_t0||+new Date();</script>

<!-- sp:feature:cs-optimization -->
<meta http-equiv='x-dns-prefetch-control' content='on'>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://m.media-amazon.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://completion.amazon.com" crossorigin>

<script>
(function(a){var b=a.performance;a.ue_mark=b&&"function"===typeof b.mark?function(a){b.mark(a)}:function(){}})(window);

    ue_mark('csm:ho:ob');
</script>
<script>
window.ue_ihb = (window.ue_ihb || window.ueinit || 0) + 1;

if (window.ue_ihb === 1) {

    var ue_csm = window,
        ue_hob = +new Date();
(function(d){var e=d.ue=d.ue||{},f=Date.now||function(){return+new Date};e.d=function(b){return f()-(b?0:d.ue_t0)};e.stub
⋮
274645-byte body
"""

```

So I’m trying to still understand what is happening here.