Yes, indeed: the value of _LAZYMODE does not seem to affect the issue. (The test with the default sysimage and _LAZYMODE on was a late addition to the post, and I could have probably worded it more clearly.)
What happens if you run it as a bash script:
bash /home/jtsui/.julia/bin/baysor run -x x -y y -g target -c baysor_config.toml -o baysor_output.csv barcodes.csv int_aligned_nucleus_000.tiff
(i.e. replace julia by bash in your earlier terminal command)? If the baysor file has an extension (e.g. .sh), also try it with the extension.