# Streamlined way of making a package?

**URL:** <https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682>\
**Category:** Package Management\
**Created:** [October 6, 2023, 9:47pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682 "2023-10-06T21:47:37Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 19\
**Page:** 1

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**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 9:47pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/1 "2023-10-06T21:47:37Z")

</div>

Julia has a detailed, comprehensive, punctilious package management system. As a user of Julia, I am grateful for this.

I’m finishing up a paper. Part of it is a new solver for some nonlinear PDEs. Although I’m a seasoned programmer, I’m a novice when it comes to Julia so I apologize in advance.

I’ve spent a couple of days reading tutorials on how to make packages with Julia, and I’ve tried and failed to do this with my software. This is perhaps not entirely bad, reading [this](https://syl1.gitbook.io/julia-language-a-concise-tutorial/language-core/11-developing-julia-packages), it seems like simply having a package in the registry requires an engineer to monitor things because upper version numbers need to be kept up to date. It also doesn’t help that I seem to be the only one using jupyter, everyone else is using vscode. I don’t think ] works to do Pkg commands.

So I have given up on having my package in the registry, but I am wondering if there’s a way I can make my package “easy to use” even if it’s not in the registry? Is it easier to make a package that is to be installed via Pkg.add(url=“[https://github.com/](https://github.com/)…”)?

Also, it is tremendously confusing to me to then have to Pkg add my own package, then Pkg dev it, and now it’s in ~/.julia, so it’s not in my Dropbox anymore. Also, Julia seems to want to know my Github username and passwords, can that be simplified down? What is the minimal way that I can put my package on Github, have it simple for me to develop, but also have other people be able to use it?

Thanks!

S

Edit. Solution was found by several people, I’ve credited nsajko. My main problem was that `LOAD_PATH` and `JULIA_LOAD_PATH` can interact in a confusing manner with package loading, and apparently their use is discouraged. I had `.` in my `JULIA_LOAD_PATH`. Once I deleted it from the path, I was able to do `using MyPackage`. Details in the thread below.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![jling](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/jling/32/212909_2.png) [@jling](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/jling)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 9:50pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/2 "2023-10-06T21:50:53Z")

</div>

> **[GitHub - JuliaCI/PkgTemplates.jl: Create new Julia packages, the easy way](https://github.com/JuliaCI/PkgTemplates.jl)**
>
> Create new Julia packages, the easy way. Contribute to JuliaCI/PkgTemplates.jl development by creating an account on GitHub.

> [@loisel](#):
>
> Is it easier to make a package that is to be installed via Pkg.add(url=“[https://github.com/…”](https://github.com/%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D))?

`]add <URL>` works

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 9:57pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/3 "2023-10-06T21:57:40Z")

</div>

Thank you so much for the links. I’ve already read those links and attempted the techniques therein, but unfortunately, I have failed. After activating my package and adding dependencies, I got baffling error messages when I did “using MyPackage”. I’ve reverted all of this because I needed to be able to work on my package, and it was no longer functional under this package infrastructure. Because I’ve reverted all these changes, I can’t tell you the literal error messages.

Roughly speaking, it told me that the dependencies had not been properly installed, and it suggested a Pkg command to fix it. The Pkg command it suggested did nothing.

Part of the issue may be that I found no clear explanation of “projects”. I think all the tutorials that explain how to make packages, gloss over which project should be activated at what time.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![jling](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/jling/32/212909_2.png) [@jling](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/jling)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 10:00pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/4 "2023-10-06T22:00:06Z")

</div>

I wish I have more accessible materials but for now [4. Working with Environment · Pkg.jl](https://pkgdocs.julialang.org/v1/environments/)

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 10:14pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/5 "2023-10-06T22:14:00Z")

</div>

```julia
using SpectralBarrierMethod
[Info: Precompiling SpectralBarrierMethod [aee288fa-9512-4637-b72d-5ce5ca970827]
ERROR: LoadError: ArgumentError: Package ForwardDiff [f6369f11-7733-5829-9624-2563aa707210] is required but does not seem to be installed:
 - Run `Pkg.instantiate()` to install all recorded dependencies.
...

Pkg.instantiate()
(nothing happens)

using SpectralBarrierMethod
(same error message)

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 11:32pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/6 "2023-10-06T23:32:01Z")

</div>

Personally, I don’t use projects at all, they’re certainly not necessary, but I assume using projects can be convenient in some cases.

Start from installing `ForwardDiff` into your root environment (which is named after my Julia version, for me, at least). You can do it from the `Pkg` REPL, which can be entered from the basic REPL by entering `]`. After that just enter `add ForwardDiff`.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 11:34pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/7 "2023-10-06T23:34:07Z")

</div>

I have ForwardDiff in my “root environment”.

I’ve never used environment before. I can’t say I like them, but that’s not my decision to make. If you are aware of a way of making a package that people can install, all that without having to mess with environments, then I’d love to hear it.

Thanks,

S

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 11:39pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/8 "2023-10-06T23:39:02Z")

</div>

> [@loisel](#):
>
> Pkg dev it, and now it’s in ~/.julia

Actually, I advise against storing packages that you may modify locally in `~/.julia`, when you value the local changes. You can always do `dev path/to/package/directory` to choose the directory explicitly. PkgTemplates also defaults to storing to `~/.julia` for some reason.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 11:43pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/9 "2023-10-06T23:43:54Z")

</div>

Can you provide the link to the your package’s Git repository?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 6, 2023, 11:51pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/10 "2023-10-06T23:51:48Z")

</div>

It’s not on Git yet, but I’ve made a minimal non-working example which I’ve posted on stackoverflow: [Minimal Julia package with imports? - Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77247723/minimal-julia-package-with-imports)

Briefly, do `]generate Foo` to create a blank package, then add `using ForwardDiff` to `Foo.jl`, then `]activate Foo` and `]add ForwardDiff`. Finally, try `using Foo`, you’ll get the above error message. No combination of `]instantiate` and `]resolve` are of any help to me.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 12:31am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/11 "2023-10-07T00:31:42Z")

</div>

Print the package `status` (`] st`) in both the root environment and `Foo` environment. Do both contain `ForwardDiff`?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 12:34am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/12 "2023-10-07T00:34:43Z")

</div>

> [@nsajko](#):
>
> ] st

This is the “root environment”:

```julia-auto
Status `~/.julia/environments/v1.9/Project.toml`
  [7a1cc6ca] FFTW v1.7.1
  [b793ecfc] Foo v0.1.0 `../../../Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Foo`
  [f6369f11] ForwardDiff v0.10.36
⌃ [e9467ef8] GLMakie v0.8.10
  [d54b0c1a] GaussQuadrature v0.5.8 `https://github.com/billmclean/GaussQuadrature.jl.git#master`
  [7073ff75] IJulia v1.24.2
  [033835bb] JLD2 v0.4.35
  [b964fa9f] LaTeXStrings v1.3.0
  [14b8a8f1] PkgTemplates v0.7.45
  [91a5bcdd] Plots v1.39.0
  [49802e3a] ProgressBars v1.5.1
  [92933f4c] ProgressMeter v1.9.0
  [d330b81b] PyPlot v2.11.2
  [274fc56d] PythonPlot v1.0.3
⌃ [295af30f] Revise v3.5.5
  [f2b01f46] Roots v2.0.20
Info Packages marked with ⌃ have new versions available and may be upgradable.

```

After doing `activate Foo`

```julia-auto
Project Foo v0.1.0
Status `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Foo/Project.toml`
  [f6369f11] ForwardDiff v0.10.36

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 12:50am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/13 "2023-10-07T00:50:42Z")

</div>

I don’t use the `generate` functionality, I think it’s basically obsoleted by PkgTemplates, so here’s an example of how I set this up using PkgTemplates. I used `ExamplePackage` as the package name:

```plaintext
[nsajko@aceramd bin]$ ./julia 
               _
   _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_) | (_) (_) |
   _ _ _| |_ __ _ | Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` | |
  | | |_| | | | (_| | | Version 1.10.0-beta3 (2023-10-03)
 _/ |\ __'_|_|_|\__'_| | Official https://julialang.org/ release
|__/ |

julia> using PkgTemplates

julia> generate()
Package name: ExamplePackage
Template keywords to customize:
[press: Enter=toggle, a=all, n=none, d=done, q=abort]
   [X] user
   [X] authors
   [X] dir
   [] host
   [] julia
 > [] plugins
Enter value for 'user' (required): example_user
Enter value for 'authors' (comma-delimited, default: SNIP): example_author
Enter value for 'dir' (default: ~/.julia/dev): /tmp/
[ Info: Running prehooks
[ Info: Running hooks
  Activating project at `/tmp/ExamplePackage`
    Updating registry at `~/.julia/registries/General.toml`
  No Changes to `/tmp/ExamplePackage/Project.toml`
  No Changes to `/tmp/ExamplePackage/Manifest.toml`
Precompiling project...
  1 dependency successfully precompiled in 1 seconds
  Activating project at `~/.julia/environments/v1.10`
[ Info: Running posthooks
[ Info: New package is at /tmp/ExamplePackage
Template:
  authors: ["example_author"]
  dir: "/tmp/"
  host: "github.com"
  julia: v"1.0.0"
  user: "example_user"
[... cut ...]

(@v1.10) pkg> activate /tmp/ExamplePackage/
  Activating project at `/tmp/ExamplePackage`

(ExamplePackage) pkg> add ForwardDiff
   Resolving package versions...
    Updating `/tmp/ExamplePackage/Project.toml`
  [f6369f11] + ForwardDiff v0.10.36
    Updating `/tmp/ExamplePackage/Manifest.toml`
  [bbf7d656] + CommonSubexpressions v0.3.0
[... cut ...]
[nsajko@aceramd bin]$ ./julia 
               _
   _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_) | (_) (_) |
   _ _ _| |_ __ _ | Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` | |
  | | |_| | | | (_| | | Version 1.10.0-beta3 (2023-10-03)
 _/ |\ __'_|_|_|\__'_| | Official https://julialang.org/ release
|__/ |

(@v1.10) pkg> dev /tmp/ExamplePackage/
   Resolving package versions...
    Updating `~/.julia/environments/v1.10/Project.toml`
  [63b52bce] + ExamplePackage v1.0.0-DEV `/tmp/ExamplePackage/`
    Updating `~/.julia/environments/v1.10/Manifest.toml`
  [63b52bce] + ExamplePackage v1.0.0-DEV `/tmp/ExamplePackage/`

julia> using ExamplePackage
Precompiling ExamplePackage
  1 dependency successfully precompiled in 2 seconds. 17 already precompiled.

(@v1.10) pkg> st
Status `~/.julia/environments/v1.10/Project.toml`
  [63b52bce] ExamplePackage v1.0.0-DEV `/tmp/ExamplePackage/`
  [f6369f11] ForwardDiff v0.10.36
  [14b8a8f1] PkgTemplates v0.7.45

(@v1.10) pkg> activate /tmp/ExamplePackage/
  Activating project at `/tmp/ExamplePackage`

(ExamplePackage) pkg> st
Project ExamplePackage v1.0.0-DEV
Status `/tmp/ExamplePackage/Project.toml`
  [f6369f11] ForwardDiff v0.10.36

```

I don’t have clear ideas as to what might be going wrong when you do it. Maybe try deleting your package’s manifest? I think you’d probably succeed if you tried again from scratch.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![kevbonham](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/kevbonham/32/216165_2.png) [@kevbonham](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/kevbonham)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 1:54am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/14 "2023-10-07T01:54:15Z")

</div>

> [@loisel](#):
>
> I’ve posted on stackoverflow

One thing that jumps out at me is `;cat Foo/src/Foo.jl`, which suggests to me that your working directory is not `Foo/`, but is rather the _parent_ of `Foo/`.

Did you look at the `Foo/Project.toml` to make sure ForwardDiff is added correctly? I would also check your working directory to make sure the Project.toml didn’t end up there for some reason.

And by the way, I’m sorry you’re struggling with this - it shouldn’t be this hard 😞

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 8:36am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/15 "2023-10-07T08:36:43Z")

</div>

I believe I have followed your instructions and have failed again. There is one important difference. I have to add `using ForwardDiff` to `Bar/src/Bar.jl`, in order to trigger the error. See below.

```julia
sebastienloisel@MacBook-Pro julia % julia
               _
   _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_) | (_) (_) |
   _ _ _| |_ __ _ | Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` | |
  | | |_| | | | (_| | | Version 1.9.3 (2023-08-24)
 _/ |\ __'_|_|_|\__'_| | Official https://julialang.org/ release
|__/ |

julia> using PkgTemplates

julia> generate()
Package name: Bar
Template keywords to customize:
[press: Enter=toggle, a=all, n=none, d=done, q=abort]
   [X] user
   [X] authors
 > [X] dir
   [] host
   [] julia
   [] plugins
Enter value for 'user' (required): example_user
Enter value for 'authors' (comma-delimited, default: Sébastien Loisel <sloisel@gmail.com> and contributors): example_authors
Enter value for 'dir' (default: ~/.julia/dev): .
[ Info: Running prehooks
[ Info: Running hooks
  Activating project at `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar`
    Updating registry at `~/.julia/registries/General.toml`
  No Changes to `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar/Project.toml`
  No Changes to `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar/Manifest.toml`
Precompiling project...
  1 dependency successfully precompiled in 1 seconds
  Activating project at `~/.julia/environments/v1.9`
[ Info: Running posthooks
[ Info: New package is at /Users/sebastienloisel/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar
Template:
  authors: ["example_authors"]
  dir: "~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia"
  host: "github.com"
  julia: v"1.0.0"
  user: "example_user"
[...]
(@v1.9) pkg> activate ./Bar
  Activating project at `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar`

(Bar) pkg> add ForwardDiff
   Resolving package versions...
    Updating `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar/Project.toml`
  [f6369f11] + ForwardDiff v0.10.36
    Updating `~/Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar/Manifest.toml`
[...]

sebastienloisel@MacBook-Pro julia % cat Bar/src/Bar.jl
module Bar

# Write your package code here.
using ForwardDiff

end
sebastienloisel@MacBook-Pro julia % julia
               _
   _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_) | (_) (_) |
   _ _ _| |_ __ _ | Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` | |
  | | |_| | | | (_| | | Version 1.9.3 (2023-08-24)
 _/ |\ __'_|_|_|\__'_| | Official https://julialang.org/ release
|__/ |

(@v1.9) pkg> dev ./Bar
   Resolving package versions...
    Updating `~/.julia/environments/v1.9/Project.toml`
  [8c4bdf5c] + Bar v1.0.0-DEV `../../../Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar`
    Updating `~/.julia/environments/v1.9/Manifest.toml`
  [8c4bdf5c] + Bar v1.0.0-DEV `../../../Dropbox/2023/Spectral Barrier Method/julia/Bar`

julia> using Bar
[Info: Precompiling Bar [8c4bdf5c-6288-441c-a86f-7718170b64ef]
ERROR: LoadError: ArgumentError: Package ForwardDiff [f6369f11-7733-5829-9624-2563aa707210] is required but does not seem to be installed:
 - Run `Pkg.instantiate()` to install all recorded dependencies.
[...]

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 8:53am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/16 "2023-10-07T08:53:11Z")

</div>

Aha.

```julia
julia> cd("Bar")

julia> using Bar
[Info: Precompiling Bar [8c4bdf5c-6288-441c-a86f-7718170b64ef]

julia> 

```

That’s taken care of the error message. This begs the question though, how do I `using Bar` from elsewhere in the future?

Thanks,

S

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nsajko](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nsajko/32/221187_2.png) [@nsajko](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nsajko)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 8:55am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/17 "2023-10-07T08:55:22Z")

</div>

Print your `versioninfo()`, and maybe `versioninfo(verbose = true)`. I think you may have a package load path set up which is messing with things.

EDIT: see [JULIA\_LOAD\_PATH](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/environment-variables/#JULIA_LOAD_PATH) and [LOAD\_PATH](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/base/constants/#Base.LOAD_PATH). So just display `LOAD_PATH` in the REPL.

EDIT2: to clarify, the load path is mostly used for testing/debugging things, at least nowadays. I don’t have it set up (it has the default value), so I’m guessing you have a leftover setting for load path that makes it prefer packages in the current directory to the global packages, or something like that. This is how it looks for me:

```julia-repl
julia> LOAD_PATH
3-element Vector{String}:
 "@"
 "@v#.#"
 "@stdlib"

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![loisel](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/loisel/32/50626_2.png) [@loisel](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/loisel)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 10:10am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/18 "2023-10-07T10:10:45Z")

</div>

That was it. I’ll write something on the top of this post for future novice Julians with the same problem.

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**Author:** ![kevbonham](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/kevbonham/32/216165_2.png) [@kevbonham](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/kevbonham)\
**Post date:** [October 7, 2023, 9:26pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/streamlined-way-of-making-a-package/104682/19 "2023-10-07T21:26:30Z")

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> [@loisel](#):
>
> This begs the question though, how do I `using Bar` from elsewhere in the future?

There are a number of different ways. When you’re developing `Bar`, I typically want to be in that working directory. But you could also make a separate project with `Bar` as a dependency. Eg, you’re in `./my_project`, and it has a subfolder `./my_project/Bar`, you can do `] activate .`, then `add ./Bar`, which will make `./my_project/Project.toml` with `Bar` as a dependency.