One small package for such things is:
julia> using GroupSlices
julia> A = [1 2; 2 3; 3 4; 1 2.0] # edited
4×2 Matrix{Float64}:
1.0 2.0
2.0 3.0
3.0 4.0
1.0 2.0
julia> groupslices(A, dims=1)
4-element Vector{Int64}:
1
2
3
1
julia> groupinds(ans)
3-element Vector{Vector{Int64}}:
[1, 4]
[2]
[3]
julia> filter(is -> length(is)>1, ans)
1-element Vector{Vector{Int64}}:
[1, 4]