I came up with a satisfying solution myself, after finally finding a solution to move the y-axis label here In Plots.jl, how does one control the space between ylabel and yaxis? - #15 by Andre_Mello. The only thing which I could not solve are the position of the legends. Here is the picture:
And here the corresponding code:
a=18
plot(df_2.Year,df_2[:,4],
xlims=(1800,2021),
label = "Population",
ylabel = "World Population",
color=RGB(0.337, 0.631, 0.749),
linewidth=3,
legend = :topleft,
grid = :off,
size = (1600,800),
left_margin = 10Plots.mm,
right_margin = 50Plots.mm,
foreground_color_guide = RGB(0.337, 0.631, 0.749),
ytickfontcolor = RGB(0.337, 0.631, 0.749),
xtickfontsize=a,
ytickfontsize=a,
xguidefontsize=a,
yguidefontsize=a,
legendfontsize=a)
p = twinx()
plot(p,df_3.Year,df_3[:,4],
xlims=(1800,2021),
label = "Global CO₂ atmospheric concentration",
ylabel = "\n\n\n\n\n"*"Global CO₂ concentration in ppm",
color =RGB(0.439, 0.368, 0.470),
linewidth=3,
legend = :topright,
grid = :off,
size = (1600, 800),
left_margin = 10Plots.mm,
right_margin = 50Plots.mm,
yticks = [280,315,345,380,410],
foreground_color_guide = RGB(0.439, 0.368, 0.470),
ytickfontcolor = RGB(0.439, 0.368, 0.470),
xtickfontsize=a,
ytickfontsize=a,
xguidefontsize=a,
yguidefontsize=a,
legendfontsize=a)
p = twinx()
plot!(p,df_1.Year,df_1.sum,
xlims=(1800,2021),
label = "Energy Consumption",
ylabel = "World Primary Energy Consumption",
color =RGB(0.949, 0.352, 0.219),
linewidth=3,
legend = :left,
grid = :off,
size = (1600, 800),
left_margin = 10Plots.mm,
right_margin = 50Plots.mm,
foreground_color_guide = RGB(0.949, 0.352, 0.219),
ytickfontcolor = RGB(0.949, 0.352, 0.219),
xtickfontsize=a,
ytickfontsize=a,
xguidefontsize=a,
yguidefontsize=a,
legendfontsize=a)