Is it possible to use filter(:col => myFilter, df) with additional constant input variables?

You asked many questions in one post so it is hard to filter them out. I understand that your main question is how to define a function that would take parameters for filtering.
You can do it as follows:

myFilter(lower, upper, target) = x -> lower <= x - target <= upper

and now you can write:

julia> filter(:Col1 => myFilter(0.5, 2, 1), df)
2×2 DataFrame        
 Row │ Col1   Col2   
     │ Int64  String 
─────┼───────────────
   1 │     2  B      
   2 │     3  C      
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