You can turn off type detection by using the types kw argument
One such way:
file = CSV.File(IOBuffer(data); types=[Int, String]) |> DataFrame
4×2 DataFrame
Row │ code date
│ Int64 String
─────┼───────────────────
1 │ 0 2019-02
2 │ 1 2019-01
3 │ 3 2019
4 │ 4 2019-04-23
You can even do it just for a single column
file = CSV.File(IOBuffer(data); types=Dict("date"=>String)) |> DataFrame
or
file = CSV.File(IOBuffer(data); types=Dict(:date=>String)) |> DataFrame
and post process the DataFrame to do what you want using filter or subset or whatever