# Fitting a dynamic system with an exogenous input (nonhomogenous neural ode) via DiffEqFlux

**URL:** <https://discourse.julialang.org/t/fitting-a-dynamic-system-with-an-exogenous-input-nonhomogenous-neural-ode-via-diffeqflux/44934>\
**Category:** New to Julia\
**Tags:** package, diffeq\
**Created:** [August 14, 2020, 2:19pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/fitting-a-dynamic-system-with-an-exogenous-input-nonhomogenous-neural-ode-via-diffeqflux/44934 "2020-08-14T14:19:25Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 1\
**Showing post:** 24

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**Author:** ![ChrisRackauckas](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/chrisrackauckas/32/77_2.png) [@ChrisRackauckas](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/ChrisRackauckas)\
**Post date:** [November 5, 2020, 10:47pm UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/fitting-a-dynamic-system-with-an-exogenous-input-nonhomogenous-neural-ode-via-diffeqflux/44934/24 "2020-11-05T22:47:32Z")

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I wouldn’t use ReverseDiff or inplace here. Another mistake that you made was that, notice that the solution is a row vector for each output component, so you were broadcasting a row vector against a column vector in the loss function to generate a matrix. That’s not what you wanted.

Here’s a code that trains:

```julia
using DifferentialEquations, Flux, Optim, DiffEqFlux, DiffEqSensitivity, Plots

tspan = (0.1f0, Float32(10.0))
tsteps = range(tspan[1], tspan[2], length = 100)
t_vec = collect(tsteps)
ex = vec(ones(Float32,length(tsteps), 1))
f(x) = (atan(8.0 * x - 4.0) + atan(4.0)) / (2.0 * atan(4.0))

function hammerstein_system(u)
    y= zeros(size(u))
    for k in 2:length(u)
        y[k] = 0.2 * f(u[k-1]) + 0.8 * y[k-1]
    end
    return y
end

y = Float32.(hammerstein_system(ex))
plot(collect(tsteps), y, ticks=:native)

nn_model = FastChain(FastDense(2,8, tanh), FastDense(8, 1))
p_model = initial_params(nn_model)

u0 = Float32.([0.0])

function dudt(u, p, t)
    #input_val = u_vals[Int(round(t*10)+1)]
    nn_model(vcat(u[1], ex[Int(round(10*0.1))]), p)
end

prob = ODEProblem(dudt,u0,tspan,nothing)

function predict_neuralode(p)
    _prob = remake(prob,p=p)
    Array(solve(_prob, Tsit5(), saveat=tsteps, abstol = 1e-8, reltol = 1e-6))
end

function loss(p)
    sol = predict_neuralode(p)
    N = length(sol)
    return sum(abs2.(y[1:N] .- sol'))/N
end

# start optimization (I played around with several different optimizers with no success)
res0 = DiffEqFlux.sciml_train(loss,p_model ,ADAM(0.01), maxiters=100)
res1 = DiffEqFlux.sciml_train(loss,res0.minimizer,BFGS(initial_stepnorm=0.01), maxiters=300, allow_f_increases = true)

Flux.gradient(loss,res1.minimizer)

sol = predict_neuralode(res1.minimizer)
plot(tsteps,sol')
N = length(sol)
scatter!(tsteps,y[1:N])

savefig("trained.png")

```

> [@Volker](#):
>
> Third I´m a little bit confused, that I don´t find examples, which are analogously to my task (identification of a nonlinear statespace representation of an **excitated** system / non-autonomous or nonhomogenous ode with UDEs). Is it so uncommon? I think, that many systems need an excitation or at least an initial state, which not zero, to get useful data of the system.

Nope, I don’t think it’s too uncommon. Would you mind if I added this as an example to the documentation?

> [@Volker](#):
>
> Fourth can you maybe explain me why I should use UDEs instead of NODEs? In my understanding UDEs should be taken if one would like to incorporate some additional knowledge about the systems in form of equations, but if the whole derivative equation is modeled by a neural network the UDE would be a NODE. Or am I missing there something?

If you don’t have very much data but you have a model then this could be a way to get a better predicting method since the neural network will likely overfit and attempt to over-generalize. There’s also a ton of other reasons, like how discretized physics-informed neural networks are a subset of UDEs and how high dimensional PDE solvers can be written as a UDE. See [https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04385](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04385) for all of the details.

![trained](https://global.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/original/3X/7/3/735fcbee68b7672c6ce1f8bfb28159c969a12655.png)

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