# Eigen produces non-normalized eigenvectors

**URL:** <https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829>\
**Category:** Numerics\
**Created:** [June 12, 2025, 10:52am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829 "2025-06-12T10:52:42Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 6\
**Page:** 1

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**Author:** ![nvenkov1](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nvenkov1/32/43679_2.png) [@nvenkov1](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nvenkov1)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 10:52am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/1 "2025-06-12T10:52:42Z")

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I realized that, when using LinearAlgebra.jl’s `eigen` function to solve a general eigenvalue problem for a matrix pencil `(A, B)`, the eigenvectors returned do not seem to be normalized in any way. The standard in the numerical linear algebra community is usually to have them B-orthonormal, i.e., `vecs[;, i]'B * vecs[:, j] = \delta_{ij}` where `vals, vecs = eigen(A, B)`. I believe I used to rely on this property in previous Julia codes I developed. So I wonder, has the convention of the `eigen` implementation changed, and if so, to what, and why?

Edit: I realize that the issue also affects standard eigenvalue problems for which the eigenvectors returned are also non-normalized. I am convinced those vectors used to be normalized and the convention of the implementation was changed.

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**Author:** ![abraemer](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/abraemer/32/51403_2.png) [@abraemer](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/abraemer)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 11:09am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/2 "2025-06-12T11:09:20Z")

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Usually the eigen vectors are indeed normalized (at least for regular eigenvalue problem). Can you give a simple example where this is not the case?

Recently, there was a longer thread where some numerical instability caused weird results in `eigen`. Maybe your issue is related?

> [@Eigen fails to find eigenvectors](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-fails-to-find-eigenvectors/129072):
>
> I am confused. I’m finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 3x3 matrix, but it seems like eigen does not find all the vectors correctly. julia\> using LinearAlgebra julia\> A = [1 1 1; 1 1 1; -1 -1 -1] 3×3 Matrix{Int64}: 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 julia\> D, Q = eigen(A) Eigen{Float64, Float64, Matrix{Float64}, Vector{Float64}} values: 3-element Vector{Float64}: 0.0 9.860761315262648e-32 0.9999999999999996 vectors: 3×3 Matrix{Float64}: -2.21943e-17 -3.20494e-16 0.57735 0.7…

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nvenkov1](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nvenkov1/32/43679_2.png) [@nvenkov1](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nvenkov1)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 11:14am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/3 "2025-06-12T11:14:47Z")

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```julia
using Random, LinearAlgebra;
Random.seed!(1);

A = rand(4, 4); A = A + A'; rank(A)
4

B = rand(4, 4); B = B + B'; rank(B)
4

vals, vecs = eigen(A);
[norm(A*vecs[:, k] - vals[k] * vecs[:, k]) / abs(vals[k]) for k in 1:4]
4-element Vector{Float64}:
 7.371902780897737e-15
 8.898479422775282e-15
 2.5101995328536974e-15
 4.4034817891396797e-16
norm(vecs'vecs - I)
4.3860879188693715

vals, vecs = eigen(A, B);
[norm(A*vecs[:, k] - vals[k] * B * vecs[:, k]) / abs(vals[k]) for k in 1:4]
4-element Vector{Float64}:
 4.572213844298374e-15
 5.133885946016943e-15
 1.4300429610170643e-15
 1.4300429610170643e-15
norm(vecs'B * vecs - I)
2.7484683851305776

```

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**Author:** ![martinkjlarsson](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/87869e/32.png) [@martinkjlarsson](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/martinkjlarsson)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 11:49am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/4 "2025-06-12T11:49:50Z")

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Running your example, I get orthogonal eigenvectors from A, i.e., `vecs' * vecs ≈ I`.

Your expectation of `vecs[;, i]'B * vecs[:, j] = \delta_{ij}` is only possible if B is positive definite. Changing your code to `B = B * B'`, I get B-orthogonal eigenvectors from (A, B).

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**Author:** ![mstewart](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/b5a626/32.png) [@mstewart](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/mstewart)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 11:55am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/5 "2025-06-12T11:55:00Z")

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Weird. Running this, I get numerically orthonormal eigenvectors for the ordinary eigenvalue problem. So I can’t reproduce it. You can fail to get orthonormal eigenvectors for symmetric problem if you ignore symmetry and do the nonsymmetric QR iteration and then the standard eigenvector computation. It can happen in the case of extremely tight clusters of eigenvalues. But I have looked into this before and I’m pretty sure `eigen` looks for symmetry using a tolerance, even if you don’t wrap your matrix with `Hermtian` or `Symmetric`, and should do the right thing in this case. It would be interesting to see what you are getting for `vecs` and `vals' * vals`.

I do get the same results that you did on the generalized eigenvalue problem. However, I believe there is a mathematical reason there. The eigenvectors for a symmetric eigenvalue problem can be chosen to be orthogonal with respect to the inner product \langle x, y \rangle = y^T B x if B is positive definite. There is no reason to expect this if B is indefinite. (And it’s not even an inner product in that case). If I change `B = B + B'` to `B = B * B'`, I do get orthonormal eigenvectors with respect to that inner product.

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**Author:** ![nvenkov1](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/julialang/user_avatar/discourse.julialang.org/nvenkov1/32/43679_2.png) [@nvenkov1](https://discourse.julialang.org/u/nvenkov1)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2025, 11:58am UTC](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/eigen-produces-non-normalized-eigenvectors/129829/6 "2025-06-12T11:58:48Z")

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I restarted a REPL instance, and now everything works. I have no clue what happened. Anyway, thanks.