Thanks @malead! Installing the master version of the CUDA packages worked on the login nodes out of the box without any patching [1] 
Unfortunately, there comes up another problem, which is: Precompiling CUDAnative on login node (works on compute node) .
[1] Shell output of successful installation of the CUDA packages on the login node:
omlins@daint104:~> module use /scratch/snx3000/omlins/9_soft_install_julia/modules/all
omlins@daint104:~> module load julia/1.0.4
omlins@daint104:~> cd /scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install
omlins@daint104:/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install> export JULIA_DEPOT_PATH=.
omlins@daint104:/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install> julia
(v1.0.4-gpu) pkg> status
Status `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Project.toml`
(empty environment)
(v1.0.4-gpu) pkg> add CUDAdrv#master
Cloning default registries into /scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/registries
Cloning registry General from "https://github.com/JuliaRegistries/General.git"
Cloning git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAdrv.jl.git`
Updating git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAdrv.jl.git`
Resolving package versions...
Installed CUDAapi ─ v1.0.1
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Project.toml`
[c5f51814] + CUDAdrv v3.1.0 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAdrv.jl.git)
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Manifest.toml`
[3895d2a7] + CUDAapi v1.0.1
[c5f51814] + CUDAdrv v3.1.0 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAdrv.jl.git)
[8f399da3] + Libdl
[56ddb016] + Logging
[de0858da] + Printf
[4ec0a83e] + Unicode
(v1.0.4-gpu) pkg> add CUDAnative#master
Cloning git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAnative.jl.git`
Updating git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAnative.jl.git`
Resolving package versions...
Installed Adapt ────────────── v1.0.0
Installed CEnum ────────────── v0.2.0
Installed TimerOutputs ─────── v0.5.0
Installed Crayons ──────────── v4.0.0
Installed OrderedCollections ─ v1.1.0
Installed DataStructures ───── v0.17.0
Installed LLVM ─────────────── v1.2.0
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Project.toml`
[be33ccc6] + CUDAnative v2.2.1 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAnative.jl.git)
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Manifest.toml`
[79e6a3ab] + Adapt v1.0.0
[fa961155] + CEnum v0.2.0
[be33ccc6] + CUDAnative v2.2.1 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CUDAnative.jl.git)
[a8cc5b0e] + Crayons v4.0.0
[864edb3b] + DataStructures v0.17.0
[929cbde3] + LLVM v1.2.0
[bac558e1] + OrderedCollections v1.1.0
[a759f4b9] + TimerOutputs v0.5.0
[2a0f44e3] + Base64
[8ba89e20] + Distributed
[b77e0a4c] + InteractiveUtils
[37e2e46d] + LinearAlgebra
[d6f4376e] + Markdown
[9a3f8284] + Random
[9e88b42a] + Serialization
[6462fe0b] + Sockets
[8dfed614] + Test
(v1.0.4-gpu) pkg> add CuArrays#master
Cloning git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CuArrays.jl.git`
Updating git-repo `https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CuArrays.jl.git`
Resolving package versions...
Installed Reexport ─────── v0.2.0
Installed Requires ─────── v0.5.2
Installed VersionParsing ─ v1.1.3
Installed NNlib ────────── v0.6.0
Installed Tokenize ─────── v0.5.6
Installed FFTW ─────────── v0.3.0
Installed GPUArrays ────── v1.0.0
Installed StaticArrays ─── v0.11.0
Installed BinaryProvider ─ v0.5.6
Installed AbstractFFTs ─── v0.4.1
Installed Compat ───────── v2.1.0
Installed JSON ─────────── v0.21.0
Installed FillArrays ───── v0.6.4
Installed CSTParser ────── v0.6.2
Installed Conda ────────── v1.3.0
Installed Parsers ──────── v0.3.6
Installed MacroTools ───── v0.5.1
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Project.toml`
[3a865a2d] + CuArrays v1.1.0 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CuArrays.jl.git)
Updating `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/environments/v1.0.4-gpu/Manifest.toml`
[621f4979] + AbstractFFTs v0.4.1
[b99e7846] + BinaryProvider v0.5.6
[00ebfdb7] + CSTParser v0.6.2
[34da2185] + Compat v2.1.0
[8f4d0f93] + Conda v1.3.0
[3a865a2d] + CuArrays v1.1.0 #master (https://github.com/JuliaGPU/CuArrays.jl.git)
[7a1cc6ca] + FFTW v0.3.0
[1a297f60] + FillArrays v0.6.4
[0c68f7d7] + GPUArrays v1.0.0
[682c06a0] + JSON v0.21.0
[1914dd2f] + MacroTools v0.5.1
[872c559c] + NNlib v0.6.0
[69de0a69] + Parsers v0.3.6
[189a3867] + Reexport v0.2.0
[ae029012] + Requires v0.5.2
[90137ffa] + StaticArrays v0.11.0
[0796e94c] + Tokenize v0.5.6
[81def892] + VersionParsing v1.1.3
[ade2ca70] + Dates
[8bb1440f] + DelimitedFiles
[76f85450] + LibGit2
[a63ad114] + Mmap
[44cfe95a] + Pkg
[3fa0cd96] + REPL
[ea8e919c] + SHA
[1a1011a3] + SharedArrays
[2f01184e] + SparseArrays
[10745b16] + Statistics
[cf7118a7] + UUIDs
Building Conda → `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/packages/Conda/kLXeC/deps/build.log`
Building FFTW ─→ `/scratch/snx3000/omlins/julia_cuda_test_install/packages/FFTW/2okGQ/deps/build.log`