You have forgotten to connect several components to ground. Here’s an example that works
using ModelingToolkitStandardLibrary.Electrical
using ModelingToolkitStandardLibrary.Blocks
using ModelingToolkit, Plots
using ControlSystemsBase
using ModelingToolkit: t_nounits as t
R = 1.0
C = 1.0
V = 1.0
@named resistor = Resistor(R = R)
@named capacitor = Capacitor(C = C, v = 0.0)
@named ground = Ground()
@named filter_input = Voltage()
@named filter_output = VoltageSensor()
#= input ---- [resistor] -----|---------- output
_________
capacitor
---------
|
ground
=#
filt_ckt = [connect(filter_input.p, resistor.p)
connect(resistor.n, capacitor.p, filter_output.p)
connect(filter_input.n, capacitor.n, ground.g, filter_output.n)
]
@named filt_ckt = ODESystem(filt_ckt, t,
systems = [resistor, capacitor, filter_input, filter_output, ground])
op = Dict(
filter_input.V.u => 0,
)
matrices, simplified_sys = linearize(filt_ckt, [filter_input.V.u],[filter_output.v]; op)
using ControlSystemsMTK
lsys = named_ss(filt_ckt, [filter_input.V.u],[filter_output.v]; op)
bodeplot(lsys)

I load ControlSystemsMTK here to make interfacing CS and MTK smoother.