Works for me on macOS 14.4.1, I guess Apple broke something once again.
As a temporary workaround, someone suggested you may have some luck with
install_name_tool -delete_rpath /workspace/destdir/lib /Users/henry/.julia/artifacts/0aee3fc14042059a9f00ba046404366d5bdd7607/lib/libarb.dylib
install_name_tool -delete_rpath /workspace/destdir/lib /Users/henry/.julia/artifacts/0aee3fc14042059a9f00ba046404366d5bdd7607/lib/libarb.dylib
(yes, repeat the same command twice). And thank Apple for breaking loading of libraries in every other release.